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1. Social Science
2. Political Science
3. Politics of the United States

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• Test

• Match

• Flashcards

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• Match

Terms in this set (133)

In the leadership of both parties in Congress, certain members are responsible for legislative strategy, building support and coalitions for key issues, and informal vote counting. What is this role called?

whip

After the 2010 census, it was
determined that Texas would gain four seats in the House of Representatives, that Oklahoma would lose one, and that Ohio would lose two. This scenario is an example of

apportionment.

Among other things, the House Rules Committee determines

what opportunity there is for amendments to be proposed to a bill on the floor.

These
committees are perhaps the most important, and they remain in existence from one congressional session to the next; they also have the power to propose and write legislation.

standing

In which of the following ways does Congress exercise the power of oversight?

Committees or subcommittees of the Senate or the House conduct hearings and investigations

Real power in the Senate is in the hands of the

majority and minority leaders.

The Constitution gives the power of advice and consent

solely to the Senate

A member of Congress who does not pay sufficient attention to the wishes of the constituents, and instead makes decisions as he or she thinks best
is known as which type of representative?

trustee

Which sort of representation takes place when representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents, under the assumption that this similarity helps to promote good representation?

sociological representation

Which of
the following is likely to have the most power within any committee?

the most senior member on the committee

A __________ representative is one who votes directly according to the preferences of his or her constituency

delegate

Although limiting congressional earmarks may diminish corruption and overspending, some political
scientists argue that it also contributes negatively to

congressional gridlock

In the Senate, a senator who wants to stop a filibuster must invoke a __________, which requires 60 votes to pass

cloture

Which part of government is best known as the more deliberative body?

U.S.
Senate

The __________ Committee in the House of Representatives allots the time for House debate and decides to what extent amendments to the bill can be proposed from the floor

Rules

The chief presiding officer of the House of Representatives and most important party figure in the House is known as the

Speaker of the House.

Over the past several decades, a shift in Americans to the Southern and Western states has increased the size of those states congressional delegations because of a process known as

apportionment.

The House Committee established to investigate the 2012 attack on the U.S. embassy in Benghazi, Libya, is a type of __________committee.

select

______ is the formal charge by the House of Representatives that a government official has committed “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.”

Impeachment

An agreement between two or more members of Congress who have nothing in common except the need for support is called

logrolling.

When
members of Congress make voting decisions, which interest groups are most likely to be influential?

those that have some connection to constituents in the congressional members’ districts

Which type of legislation specifies a project to be funded within a particular district to help a legislator with re-election even though that project is likely not essential?

pork
barrel

When different bills on the same subject pass both houses of Congress, delegations from both meet to create a joint bill on the subject during a __________ committee.

conference

The use of the filibuster and cloture in the United States Senate

has increased to record highs

________representation
occurs when a representative is held accountable to a constituency and subject to punishment if he or she fails to represent that constituency properly, especially when the representative differs from his or her constituents’ demographic characteristics.

Agency

As “head of state,” the president is the leading actor in __________ policy.

foreign

How has the role of the vice presidency changed since the 1970s?

The vice president’s influence has increased

As of mid-2018, President Trump’s most successful legislative initiative was

tax reform

An act of Congress bestowing a specific power to the president or executive bureaucracy to carry out on behalf of
congress is an example of __________ powers

delegated

In 2013, when President Obama received a provision attached to a bill passed by Congress that required him to notify Congress before transferring prisoners from Guantánamo Bay, he declared he would ignore that provision despite approving the bill. This was an example of

a signing statement

Specific powers granted by the Constitution specifically to the president (for instance, to make treaties, grant pardons, and nominate judges and other public officials) are known as __________ powers.

expressed

Starting with President Obama, but perhaps most used by the 2016 presidential candidates Clinton and Trump, the internet and social media accounts including Twitter have become an
important tool for

going public.

The cabinet is made up of

the heads of major federal government departments.

The president’s power to issue pardons can be categorized as a __________ power

judicial

Which theory of presidential power holds that
the president can do whatever he wants except as explicitly limited by the Constitution?

unitary executive theory

To override a presidential veto, which of the following is required?

a two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate

President Obama relied on which of the following to order drone and missile strikes against
suspected terrorists in Libya without congressional consent?

inherent powers

Advisers to the president, such as President Trump’s daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner, are members of what executive office?

White House staff

Powers necessary to allow presidential exercise of specifically written Constitutional powers are
called __________ powers

implied

The National Security Council always includes which of the following members?

the vice president, the secretary of defense, and the secretary of state

Although formally this person only has two official duties (assuming the office in the case of death or departure of the president and presiding
over the Senate), an informal role of President Trump’s __________ is to smooth over relations with Republican members of Congress.

vice president

Although they do not have any official duties, which person typically takes on a visible role in an administration, usually becoming an advocate for an important social cause?

first lady

Which
of the following are expressed powers in the Constitution?

specific powers that are granted in the Constitution to Congress and to the president

Which of the following is the most important and largest agency of the Executive Office of the President (EOP)?

Office of Management and Budget

Which of the following is true of the
president’s domestic military powers?

The president may deploy troops in a state or city without a specific request from the state legislature or governor if the president deems it necessary to maintain an essential national service during an emergency.

What is a signing statement?

the president signing legislation while also noting how the new law will be interpreted; the
president may also express concerns over particular provisions

A recent example of an executive-congressional agreement between President Obama and Congress in 2015 comprised which scenario?

America’s 2015 accord with Iran

What is the name of the department that has greatly enhanced presidential power and through which all legislation originating in the White House
and all executive orders go?

Office of Management and Budget

A contemporary example of a president using unilateral emergency powers in a domestic environment would be which of the following?

President Trump declaring states of emergencies during three hurricanes in 2017

The 2016 House Oversight and Government Reform Committee’s
inquiry into a 500-percent price hike on EpiPens was an example of what?

fire alarm oversight

After Congress makes laws, bureaucracies are in charge of __________ them.

Implementing

Which if these is an example of an independent agency, that is, an agency that is not part of a Cabinet department?

central
intelligence agency

Created in 2002, the __________ joined the Justice Department as the major bureaucracy charged with domestic security.

Department of Homeland Security

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During the last 60 years, federal employment as a percentage of the total workforce has

Declined slightly

Continuing
the Republican platform of deregulation and smaller government, in 2017 President Trump repealed this plan, which allowed the EPA to regulate factories and power plants

Clean power plan

Privatization is

provision of a formerly public service by a private company, with payment for the service by the government.

Taxing and
spending policies are called

fiscal policy.

The __________ is a system of 12 Federal Reserve banks that facilitates exchanges of cash, checks, and credit; regulates member banks; and uses monetary policies to fight inflation and deflation

Federal Reserve System

In the modern presidency, the role of the president can be
characterized as __________, denoting the help presidents need in running the government as the scope of the federal government and presidential power have grown.

managerial

To ensure a working merit system, most government employees are hired

on the basis of open, competitive exams.

Which agency has authority over the interest
rates and lending activities of the nation’s most important banks?

Federal reserve system

Formed in part as a reaction to the 2008 financial crisis, which regulatory agency enforces consumer protection laws, and aims to eliminate deceptive practices and acts as the voice of consumers?

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

Congress
expects the federal bureaucracy to

engage in rule-making and implementation of the laws it passes.

The question, “Does the bureaucracy implement laws in the manner Congress intended?” is an example of what type of problem?

principal-agent problem

NASA is an example of which of the following?

independent
agency

Often working behind the scenes, __________ seek to promote the public welfare of all Americans; examples include the Food and Drug Administration; the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the Federal Communications Commission.

regulatory agencies

Which of the following laws was passed in order to keep the American government operational,
allowing it to pay its bills and creditors, after the country almost went into default in 2011?

Budget control act

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the fragility of government by bureaucratic rule making?

Trump’s repeal of the Clean Power Plan

The Government Accountability Office provides oversight powers on
behalf of

Congress

Compared to the size of the federal workforce since 1950, state and local government employment has

increased

The two departments in charge of external national security are the __________ and the ________

State Department; Department of Defense

What is congressional oversight?

an effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies.

What is rule making in the bureaucracy?

interpreting a statute where there is a general policy goal but not specific steps to implement it

The
strong relationship that the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Senate Committee on Veteran’s Affairs, and the Veterans of Foreign Wars is an example of which of the following?

iron triangle

Because the Supreme Court has so much influence over American law and politics, virtually all presidents have made an effort to select justices who

share their political
philosophies

Chief Justice John Roberts seemed to have which concern in mind when he cast the deciding vote in favor of the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act in 2012?

he need to demonstrate that the Court was not a purely partisan body

In __________ cases, the government is always the plaintiff.

criminal

In criminal matters, most cases are settled before trial through negotiated agreements between the parties. This is known as

a plea bargain

Judicial review was established in the case of

Marbury v. Madison

Justices who disagree with the majority decision of the Court may choose to publicize
the character of their disagreement in the form of a __________ opinion.

dissenting

Opinion assignment when in the majority is an important power of the

chief justice.

Original jurisdiction is

the authority to initially consider a case, whether in state or federal cases

Sometimes referred to as “the Great Writ,” __________ is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion

habeas corpus

The “strict constructionists” on the Supreme Court are generally committed to

the principle of judicial restraint

The Constitution gives the
Supreme Court __________ jurisdiction in cases involving foreign ambassadors and issues in which a state is a party.

original

The right of an individual or organization to initiate a court case, on the basis of having substantial stake in the outcome, is known as

standing

The top government lawyer in nearly all cases before the
Supreme Court where the government is a party is the

solicitor general.

When a friend of the court is not a direct party to a case but has a vital interest in its outcome, that person can seek to enter the case by

filing an amicus curiae brief.

Which federal judges are appointed for life?

all
Article III judges

_ ________ is the judicial philosophy whose adherents refuse to go beyond the clear words of the Constitution in interpreting the document’s meaning.

Judicial restraint

“Judicial review” refers to the

power of the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of state and federal laws.

Appellate jurisdiction refers to

receiving cases after the factual record is established by trial court.

The Constitution specifies the number of Supreme Court justices as which of the following?

It does not specify the number

Attorneys on both sides must prepare __________, written documents in which the
attorneys explain why the Court should rule in favor of their client

briefs

The doctrine of stare decisis would be used to

apply the ruling from a precedent to a current case.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 conferred on the Supreme Court the power to reverse state constitutions and laws whenever they are clearly in conflict with the
U.S. Constitution, federal laws, or treaties, thereby solidifying that the Constitution as law of the land, as first stated in Article VI, which is known as the

supremacy clause

Which requirement disqualifies cases that are brought too late to the Supreme Court, after the relevant facts have changed or the problem has been resolved by other means?

mootness

_______ is the judicial philosophy that posits that the Court should go beyond the words of the Constitution or a statute to consider the broader societal implications of its decisions.

Judicial activism

__________ is an order to a lower court to deliver the records of a particular case to be reviewed for legal errors and is best known for its use by the Supreme
Court

Writ of certiorari

Which age group is the most over-represented in the electorate?

65+

What role does a whip play in the House of Representatives?

The whip keeps members informed of what party leadership thinks about issues.

Which group is the most
under-represented in the electorate?

18-29

Which group is most overrepresented in Congress according to the Congressional activity in class?

whites

What was the average number of amicus briefs per case in the 2010s?

4

Which statement is true
according to the courts activity in class?

…

Several senators ask Kavanaugh questions about his beliefs and opinions on issues like presidential power and abortion laws. What Supreme Court power allows it to affect acts and laws put forth by other branches of government?

judicial review

Which presidential administration
nominated the most African American men to the federal court system?

Clinton

What percentage of executive branch employees have a college degree or higher?

80 percent

In the news clip about agencies, what did the EPA whistleblower, Kevin Chmielewski, accuse EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt of doing?

inappropriate
use of government funds

About how many Americans work in the executive branch?

2 million

Based on the information about the number of veterans in the bureaucracy, which of the following conclusions is correct?

Veterans are overrepresented among executive branch employees.

Which age
group gave the lowest percentage of its vote to Trump?

19-29

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With President Trump’s appointment, which vote on the court is being replaced?

…

With one exception, all presidents have been

white

Presidential nominations go where for
confirmation?

the senate

Which statement most accurately describes the trend in appointments to the federal judiciary over time?

Beginning with the carter administration diversity has increased

Which presidential administration has nominated the most diverse field of candidates to the federal court system?

Obama

Why might a justice want to write a broader majority opinion?

It serves as a precedent for future cases.

Both the whistleblower, Kevin Chmielewski, and the EPA Administrator, Scott Pruitt, were supporters of Donald Trump during his presidential campaign. What does this illustrate about the priorities most presidents usually have on leaders
they appoint to the bureaucracy?

…

The top level of the bureaucracy is most directly responsible to

the president.

Which of the following age ranges have most presidents belonged to?

50-60

Which age group gave the highest percentage of its
vote to Clinton?

18-29

The president plays all of the following roles except

Judge on constitutional issues

Which of the following is a fundamental limit on presidential power?

Senate confirmation of the president’s appointments

Almost half of
the U.S population makes ___________ per year.

under 30,000

Which chamber of Congress closely represents the number of women in the American population in general?

neither

What number of veterans still have to wait over 30 days to see a health care provider?

10 million

The actions taken by Congress to address wait times for veterans seeking health care is a good example of which of the following?

…

Those making __________ per year are the most over-represented in the electorate.

between $100-$200,000

Which age group have the highest percentage of its vote to
clinton?

18-29

If someone tries to bring a lawsuit without having suffered actual damages, the case may be dismissed due to which of the following concerns?

standing

Which demographic group has the greatest representation in the federal judiciary?

white men

Compared to Brown v. Board of Education, about how many amicus briefs were filed with Obergefell v. Hodges?

significantly more

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